CHILDREN AND TELEVISION [ taken: www.Kulinet.Com ]

Conscious or not, today's
private television stations is
growing rapidly expanding, not
only in urban areas, but in the
countryside have a similar
impact. As parents, how
important is introducing
television to the children and
your children and what parents
need to know in relation to this
discourse?
Nothing could be more, based
on the fact that there are
nearly most of the people of
Indonesia have at least one
television at home unt
respectively. Moreover, most
of us may be able to spend time
to watch television is almost
more than ten hours or even
more. Because really, television
is really needed people to get
information from all corners of
the country. Maybe the parents
do not need what is being
studied by scientists about the
influence of television on our
children, but these things are
already sehasrunya parents
know:
• A lot of impressions to
children on television showing
scenes of violence, vulgar, or
even tend destructive. Once
you go watch cartoons with the
children or your children, even
though packaged as a film
genre Cartoons but in reality is
still far away as we expected.
For example: Sponge Bob, Bugs
Bunny, etc. Shinchan. Portrait
realistic that there are still
many showing violent actions
adults typically do like to
strangle, beat, shot, slammed,
or even the desire to destroy
your opponent. It is as if just
like a movie for adults that are
packed through the cartoons. If
programs like this continue to
be consumed by children every
day, it is not impossible this will
increase the likelihood of a child
to violent behavior in the
future.
• The pattern of thinking of
children not yet mature. They
are still unable to distinguish
right and interpret what they
see on the television screen like
real life. Examples: children,
especially toddlers still much
to interpret that character /
characters they see on
television is the figure actually
live in their television. This
could exacerbate the
perception of children and
confuse them in learning what
is real and unreal in this world.
One time it could grow the idea
of fear, trauma, and even make
things that are considered
contrary from the perspective
of a child. That's what parents
really need to be able to
provide assistance and
explanations for children and
infants you understand very
well according to their
comprehension.
• Watching television can make
a child's addiction or addictive.
The more a child is often watch
television, then the greater the
desire to see again. Have you
ever noticed? a baby any one
time were actually made not
want to turn his eyes from the
screen, especially if the events
that took place very make her
curious and want to know. Even
when they start to addiction, if
we turn off the TV when
they're still fun to watch may
make them angry, cry or even
cranky, too. Children who
watch TV in excess will
naturally tend to be passive and
will lose their creativity. The
time should they use to play, to
be wasted spent in front of the
television screen.
• And indeed, sometimes we as
parents began to make the TV
media as a "shortcut" to make
children feel comfortable,
happy and not cry. If we use
the services of Baby-sitter or
nanny, especially in big cities,
often television was as a
powerful way through daily life
in the whining and crying
silently. Simply turn on the
Cartoon TV program or DVD
then the child will turn easily
hypnotized in the event that
saw it.
• Children who frequently saw
a TV in their daily life,
unnecessarily, will very likely
be at risk for obesity, poor social
development, and may even
affect their behavior to be
selfish. The sequel will in the
future will enter the Playgroup
or when entering kindergarten,
will be easy emotionally
moody, hard to socialize, hard
to respond to and capture
lessons delivered when
compared to those who
consume little or no television
at all.
If we are talking whether or not
a child is introduced to the TV,
may vary according to your
needs and our role as parents
who were very big impact on
child development. Perhaps we
also need to consider some tips
that can minimize the negative
effects that may occur and
maximize the positive role of
television for our baby:
• Pause before introducing TV
to your toddler as much as
possible. It is better if the tread
around the age of two years
before you introduce your baby
on television. However, if in
fact, indeed, could not forbid
children to see the TV, then we
should really choose jelly
programs for children, also limit
the time to watch television or
even make him forget the
television in every day. The less
time for television will get
better, and your goal is
reached. If I need to create a
schedule to see TV, for
example 30 minutes or an hour
per day, or to her favorite
event, so that we will not turn
on the TV too often for our
baby.
• For more good you had a time
to watch the show on TV
before you membolahkan your
children see it. Although the
event for the child intended to
provide a good moral message
to us, but the more good we
give a sufficient understanding
in children. Also, continuously
providing assistance or go see
with your child / your children,
because it found a lot of TV
shows that do not comply with
the portion of children,
especially about the violence.
• Give more attention to the ads
that appear on TV. Because at
some point the ad was too large
to give effect to the child to
become accustomed to mimic
what is on the ad.
• Choose the program that is
really for children, which can
help increase creativity and
imajinya. For those of us
probably will be felt tedious in a
long time probably also by
following what he wanted. But
most importantly, look as if we
do it from the perspective of a
child.
• If it is deemed necessary, the
complete collection of your
VCD or DVD with a program to
educate children. So if
whenever you want, you can
lead children to view programs
for children that have been
scheduled, whenever want to
see it. So, to keep them away
from seeing TV shows that are
not necessary.
Once again dampingilah your
children watch TV, so you can
see what the direct reaction of
the child and your toddler. Ask
questions if necessary, and also
participate to discuss with
them. Make a right decision
about how you as a parent to
use television wisely on your
family, do not position the
discourse is only out of
necessity or chance alone.

CARTOONS SHOW FOR CHILDREN

Seeing cartoons are cute and
fun, your toddler would never
want to miss the TV show. But,
as parents, we must be diligent
in overseeing what the
spectacle of children. The
following tips:
Get used to talk with children
about the film that is or has
been seen. He knows there
are many interesting things
can be learned from
watching movies. You can
ask her to open the
encyclopedia or other books
to explore more deeply
about the themes being
discussed in the cartoon.
Invite a child caregivers in
choosing a good cartoon.
Create a schedule to watch
television: "who should" and
"should not be".
As a substitute for television
movie, choose DVD / VCD
appropriate age and
development.
In addition to watching
television, encourage child
berkegiatan in hours he
played with storybook
reading, the streets around
the complex, making toys,
playing in the garden or
exercising.
Do not let children watch TV
programs on its own release.
You certainly do not want khan
if negative influence over your
child's TV

TIPS TREATING BATTERY LAPTOP AND NETBOOK

Laptop battery is one
an important component
should be noted, many
laptop battery claim does not
but not long lasting
buying a laptop.
Well here are some things
that can be done to
make our laptop battery
durable and long lasting,
Set the battery power
Way, click on Start
then choose Control Panel
and double-click on Power
Option. Dialog box appears
Power Options Properties,
select
Power Schemes later in
drop down menu to select
Minimal Power Management
Your Max Bettery. Well if you
want
durable battery please select
Max
Battery because this choice will
conserve battery power
because
only membutahkan
minimum processor speed and
in this case Max Battery
cause speed
laptop decreases.
Pengecasan Batre
When the battery mengecas
try
until completely full and
do not overdo it (too long)
. Do not wait batre
empty for mengecas battery,
pengecasan should
done when battery is almost
exhausted and usually muincul
warning on the desktop.
Remove the battery
If the laptop is not used in
long term should
off the battery. Or when
the use of laptops in time
long should
using power
use an adapter.
Unplug the device that is not
need
Unplug devices
stuck on a laptop if
was not used, for example
cable camera, flash, card
Reader, etc.. This will
making power in the battery is
not
wasted.
Reduce the brightness
That the LCD enough
drain on battery power,
therefore subtract
LCD brightness to a minimum
possible but still remain
comfortable to wear.
Reduce resulosi
Reducing the resolution can
make a reduction in
power consumption
used. To reduce
resolution on the monitor
screen
You can right click on
Windows desktop and then
select Properties, then click on
Settings tab and on the menu
dropdown select Color Quality
lower and click Ok.
Bunakan blank screen savers
Praise be to Allaah use
screen savers may drain
battery. To create a blank
screen savers on your laptop
way as in the above manner
but on the Properties select the
tab
Screen Saver, then on
sereen saver option pilihlan
"Blank" and set a time
waiting until 2 minutes ago
click Ok.
Disable Wi-Fi
When you do not use
Wi-Fi on a laptop should
turned off, this will
reduce power consumption
the battery.
Well the above methods you
can
use to make the battery
Your laptop is more durable.
Treat your laptop as well
possible and good luck.

COMPUTER FOR CHILDREN

Age is already rolling. As the
movement of time, of course,
the sophistication of
technology such as computers
are not a luxury anymore. Even
saw a child aged 5 years and so
smooth to play the computer is
not a strange apparition again. It
may be that even the pitcher
and Upik at home also has more
familiar clack-click a computer
mouse than you are.
Computer seemed to be 2 sides
of the coin is totally different.
On the one hand this thing can
overwhelm your child with a
myriad of additional
knowledge, but on the other
hand, that he would be more
fun to play computer than
hanging out with friends
seumurannya also a concern
that you save. This dependence
on a single object can also be a
problem in itself.
Trish (4) learn to recognize the
new computer, have fun trying
out educational programs in the
familiar colors and shapes, while
Rafi smart now because of the
frequent practice of
mathematics with computer
assistance. While on the other
hand, Dino (6 years) is now more
like hanging out with a
computer than with his friends.
He even could spend hours just
to play games and be a lazy
school.
The emergence of computer
technology itself is neutral in
fact. Positive or negative
influence that can come from
this instrument course a lot
depends on the utilization.
When children are allowed to
use the computer at random,
the impact could be negative.
Instead, the computer will have
a positive influence when used
wisely, that is helping the
intellectual and motor
development of children.
Computer enclosure
Actually the word is only as an
expression of fencing that
parents can guide children to
use computers without having
to make the child affected by
the negative.
Which must be observed is
probably the consumption of
games and the Internet. A wide
variety of computer games
sometimes escape from
parental supervision. And
sometimes games simply
loaded with elements of
violence and aggressiveness.
Many education experts warns
that violence and aggression
scented games this is a trigger
aggressive behavior in child and
sadistic. For the Internet, this
may be a problem for your
baby that is growing
increasingly large. Internet
access actually is a good start
for developing insights into a
child. Unfortunately, children
are also threatened by the
number of bad information that
is flooding the Internet, such as
sex and violence-charged
materials are sold openly and
without hindrance.
Dangers of Addiction
It should be noted, too, not
only drugs that can lead to
addiction, because the
computer can do the same on
your baby. Negative influence
of computer addiction play is
sparking children become lazy
to write, draw or even social
activities. So what should you
do as a parent so that the
computer can still be friends
and not become the enemy of
children? Consider the
following ..
Firm
Addicted to playing computer
could occur mainly because
since the beginning of a parent
does not make the rules of
playing the computer. Make a
deal with the child about the
time playing computer games.
For example, children can play
computer after school after
they finish their homework for
one hour only. The time can be
given more lenient on holidays.
Opportunity
Give children the opportunity
to learn and interact with
computers early on. Especially
considering the use of
computers is something that
can not be avoided in the
present and the future.
Stock Watch
The light is too bright and the
view distance is too close to
disturb the child's sense of
vision. Keep an eye on it to
prevent disruption of the
function of your baby's senses.
Selective
Choose the specific software
that is intended for children.
Adjust always with the child's
age and ability.
Safety
It should be safe. Note the
safety of children while playing
computer from dangerous
electrical voltage. Do not let
happen konsleting or possibly
electrocuted certain parts of
the body exposed to the
computer CPU.
Comfort
Provide a table or chair
ergonomic computer and in
accordance with the shape and
size of the child's body. Make
your baby comfortable in such
a case. Form of property that is
not ergonomic can adversely
affect the development of
anatomical shape of the child.
Socialization
Do not get too cool to play the
computer, so forget your child
hang out with friends
sepantarannya. Embed him that
the computer is not the only
fun activity that can be done by
playing and socializing with
friends is also not less
interesting.
Well, good-playing computer ..
Source: hanyawanita.com
http://
www.kumpulbocah.com/2006/
01/08/jadikan-komputer-
sahabat-anak

SETTING IM2 MENGGUNAKAN HANDPHONE SEBAGAI MODEM (IM2 via mobile)

Penulis pernah menemukan
kesulitan pada saat ingin
menggunakan IM2 Broadband
menggunakan ,dan skarang
ketemu deh caranya.
Berikut ini cara setting IM2
menggunakan Handphone
sebagai Modem, maupun
dengan menggunakan Nokia PC
Suite. Kali ini penulis hanya
menyertakan jenis Ponsel Nokia
dan Sony Ericsson.
Nokia N73
Manual Configuration of 3,5 G
Broadband IM2
Start these instructions from
the idle screen display of the
handset
Press `Menu` and go to `Tools`
Select `Settings` and go to
`Connection`
Select `Access points` and
choose `Options`
Select `New access point` and
choose `Use default settings`
Enter the fills as follow :
Connection name : Broadband
Im2
Data bearer : Packet data
Access point name : indosatm2
User name : ( indosatm2 ) sesuai
dengan registrasinya
Prompt password : yes
Password : ( prabayar ) sesuai
dengan registrasinya
Authentication : Normal
Homepage : -
Keep pressing `Back` until the
main menu and 3,5 G Broadband
IM2 configuration is completed
Nokia E90
Manual Configuration of 3,5 G
Broadband IM2
Start these instructions from
the idle screen display of the
handset
Press `Menu` and go to `Tools`
Select `Settings` and go to
`Connection`
Select `Access points` and
choose `Options`
Select `New access point` and
choose `Use default settings`
Enter the fills as follow :
Connection name : Broadband
Im2
Data bearer : Packet data
Access point name : indosatm2
User name : ( indosatm2 ) sesuai
dengan registrasinya
Prompt password : yes
Password : ( prabayar ) sesuai
dengan registrasinya
Authentication : Normal
Homepage : -
Keep pressing `Back` until the
main menu and 3,5 G Broadband
IM2 configuration is completed
Sony Ericsson K660
Manual Configuration of 3.5 G
Broadband IM2
Starts these instructions from
the idle screen display of the
handset
Press `Menu` and go to
`Settings`
Go to `Connectivity` and select
`Data comm.`
Select `Data accounts`
Choose `New account` and
select `Account type` as Packet
data
Enter new account as
Broadband IM2
Enter the details as follow :
APN : indosatm2
Username : indosatm2 ( sesuai
dengan registrasinya )
Password : prabayar ( sesuai
dengan registrasinya )
Save the settings and return
back to the `Connectivity`
menu
Select `Internet settings` and
go to `Internet profiles`
Select `New profile` and enter
name : Broadband IM2 and
connect using : Broadband Im2
Save the settings and return
back to the `Internet profiles`
menu
Under the Broadband IM2,
select `More` and go to
`Settings`
Save the settings and go the
`Advanced settings` from the
previous `More` options
Select `Change homepage` and
enter the details as follow :
Save the settings and 3.5 G
Broadband IM2 configuration is
completed
Klik link di bawah untuk
melanjutkan
Sony Eriscon K810i
Manual Configuration of 3.5 G
broadband IM2
Starts these instructions from
the idle screen display of the
handset
Press `Menu` and go to
`Settings`
Go to `Connectivity` and select
`Data comm.`
Select `Data accounts`
Choose `New account` and
select `Account type` as packet
data
Enter new account as
Broadband IM2
Enter the details as follow :
APN : indosatm2
Username : indosatm2 ( sesuai
dengan registrasinya )
Password : prabayar ( sesuai
dengan registrasinya )
Save the settings and return
back to the `Connectivity`
menu
Select `Internet settings` and
go to `Internet profiles`
Select `New profile` and enter
name : Broadband IM2 and
connect using : Broadband IM2
Save the settings and return
back to the `Internet profiles`
menu
Under the Broadband IM2
Select `Change homepage` and
enter the details as follow :
Save the settings and 3.5 G
Broadband configuration is
completed
Sony Eriscon P1i
Manual Configuration of 3.5 G
Broadband IM2
Starts these instructions from
the idle screen display of the
handset
From the `Main Menu` and go to
`Tools`
Under `Control Panel` and
select `Connections`
Select `Internet accounts` and
choose `More` -> `New account`
Select `Data` and enter the
details as follow :
Account name : Broadband IM2
Address : indosatm2
Username : indosatm2 ( sesuai
dengan registrasinya )
Password : prabayar ( sesuai
dengan registrasinya )
Select `More` and go to `Proxy`
Select `Save` to save the
settings, return back to the
main menu, select `Multimedia`
-> `Web`
Select `More` -> `Open web
page`, enter the URL :
Broadband 3.5 G IM2
configuration settings
completed
Setting Pada PC Suite
Pastikan Kabel Data telah
terhubung dengan handphone
yang ada. Jangan lupa aplikasi
PC Suite juga telah di instal pada
notebook / komputer.
Ada beberapa media
penghubung notebook dengan
handphone yang ada antara
lain :
Kabel Data USB
Bluetooth
Infra Red
Buka Program Nokia PC
Suitenya. Klik tombol
Hubungkan ke Internet. Nanti
ada tampilan One Touch Access.
Connection Manually.
Karena kita menggunakan
Broadband IM2, langkah terakhir
isi:
Access Point Name : indosatm2
Username: indosatm2 ( sesuai)
Password : prabayar (sesuai )
Initial Setting di biarkan kosong,
lalu klik Finish.
Kembali ke One Touch Access
(seperti pada gambar pertama).
Klik Tombol Sambungkan.
Sambungan akan dilangsungkan
dengan memverifikasi
username dan pasword.
Komputer telah konek ke
internet jika di pojok kanan
bawah komputer kita muncul
icon komputer kecil. Sekian Tips
kali ini, semoga bermanfaat bagi
para pembaca

MYTH NOT TRUE ABOUT THECAUSES OF FLU

FLU, FEVER, coughs and colds
ONLY HAPPENS WHEN
CONTAINED IN CONTACT WITH
THE PATIENT FLU, NOT
BECAUSE OF OTHER THINGS
THAT DURING THIS is often
suspected
When delivering treatment to
the pediatrician because his son
has a cough, fever and colds,
the parents always used to say:
"Ordinary dock, my child sick
from eating fried food!", Or
"Doc, my child sick because of
drinking ES yesterday." Another
thing that is often used as an
excuse cause the flu, fever,
cough or runny nose due to
exhaustion, rain, got wind, dust,
riding a motorcycle, hit a fan or
because the house is being built.
It turns out reason dikemukan
person is not true as the cause
or not the direct cause illness
infection coughs, colds and
fever which in a natural son.
Many believe that during this
illness suffered as a result. And
if observed transmission of the
disease which is the main source
of contact and no contact
transmission of the pain around
it 1-2 days before. Immune
factors are also an important
factor, because although there
is human contact can avoid the
flu or at least mild symptoms
that we never realize. If there is
no contact and source of flu
transmission will not occur.
because the virus will not be
flying in wide-free air, like on
the road, in extensive air and
wind tertipup long distances.
FLU, influenza or other
respiratory infections
Influenza, commonly referred
to as the flu or respiratory
infections due to other viruses,
an infectious disease caused
primarily by the family of
Orthomyxoviridae RNA viruses
that affect birds and mammals.
The name influenza comes
from the Italian: influenza,
meaning "influence" (Latin:
influentia). Common symptoms
of this disease is the body feels
chills, fever, sore throat,
muscle aches, severe headache,
coughing, weakness and
discomfort. The most serng
symptoms occur are fever and
cough. In more serious cases,
influenza causes pneumonia,
which can cause death,
especially among the young
and the elderly.
Modes of Transmission
Typically, influenza is
transmitted through air or
droplet infection by coughing
or sneezing, the air around it to
create that contains a virus.
Influenza can be spread by bird
droppings, saliva, nasal
secretions (snot), dirt and blood.
Infections also occur through
contact with body fluids muisal
patients snot patients can move
on to others through shake
hands, holding the same glass or
swim. . The air is contaminated
with this virus can cause
infection is considered the most
part, however, these modes of
transmission from the air into
the body remains unclear.
Influenza virus can be inactive /
dead by sunlight, disinfectant
and detergent. Viruses can also
be killed by soap; frequent hand
washing reduces the risk of
infection.
We never realized that the
infected respiratory tract
infections because of contacts
around the patient. Often do
not realize that human adults
also often experience pain flu
virus or other viral infections
but not realized. But in some
adults when exposed to very
mild symptoms and are often
mistaken for common colds,
exhaustion or heat inside.
Complaints virus infection in
older people who can pass on to
children is one of the headache,
body aches and pains, sore
throat. When in adults with
good durability only take place
within 1-2 days. It is often
considered "flu like guns so".
Hospital infection because the
virus can also be infected when
a lot of contact with many
people like in shopping malls,
mosques, churches, office
space, on the bus, ran into and
contact with patients with flu
patients
MYTH NOT TRUE ABOUT THE
CAUSES OF FLU contaminated,
fever, coughs and colds:
Because of weather and season
changes
Due to Eat Fried or eating
crackers
Because of Rain
Because Entrance Wind, Wind
fan or bike ride
Because of exhaustion and lack
of sleep
Because Naik Motorcycles
Because the Ice Drinking
Because the Heat In
Cold air, or air conditioning
Swimming
Taxable Dust Houses, Dust
buildings or Animal Fur
Various factors may aggravate
but not the cause of
mainstreaming a major cause.
So drink cold, cold, tired, wet,
weather, colds, hit the fan not
only aggravate the main cause.
Even if there are factors dust,
cold, allergy sufferers drinking
ice on a complaint only for a
moment and briefly cough will
get better within a few hours
later. This is caused by allergies
rather than a virus.
Because, respiratory tract
infection should have a contact
transmission source of the
infection. For example, drinking
iced it will aggravate coughs
and colds that occur. In people
with allergies are sometimes
not just ice, but ice existing
content such as orange juice or
chocolate ice can be a cause of
allergic cough.
If there are factors mentioned
above but there are no contacts
or the flu or a virus it will not
happen or contracting these
infections
Prevention of Influenza in
general include
Improved hygiene, sanitation
and hygienic behavior yourself.
Commonly used for influenza
vaccine at the beginning of flu
season
Main behaviors that can prevent
the spread of the virus
influaenza is doing washing
hands frequently. Washing
hands with soap and running
water several times a day. Dry
hands after washing. If there is
no water, can use material from
alcohol hand wipes. The use of
masks at least to reduce the risk
of transmission through the air.
When you're not feeling well
such as headache, body fatigue,
sore throat or nausea should
avoid contact with infants or
children to prevent
transmission in breastfeeding
mothers unless it can be done
by wearing a mask.
Dr Widodo Judarwanto SpA
http://
childrenclinic.wordpress.com

Tips for Fussy Face Child

Not infrequently happens, the
little old to be so fussy toddler.
To the extent that in doing
everyday activities he always
began with the cry first. There
are several causes that are
categorized as often so the
originator of fussiness in
children (see box). In addition,
the toddler fussiness some are
associated with temperament.
Generally, children's
temperaments were divided
into 3, ie easy, difficult, and
slow (slow to warm up). To find
out what our child
temperament, parents can
already see the characteristics
of easy, difficult, and this slow
since the child is still classified
as tempered easy bayi.Anak
very adaptable in the face of
new situations, regular sleep,
including waste water. Instead
of children classified as difficult
temperament would be
difficult to adapt to the harsh
reaction when introduced to
new environments.
While the children are classified
as slow tempered takes a
certain time period to adjust.
Usually after feeling
comfortable, he will be able to
quickly adjust. Well, generally
the children are classified as
fussy-tempered children are
slow to warm up until hard.
CAUSE FUSSY & HOW ABOUT
IT
1. PHYSICAL CONDITION ARE
NOT COMFORTABLE
Children are sleepy, hot, cold,
hunger, thirst generally
become fussy.
Parent Attitudes:
Find out the cause of "fussy,
and solve problems. Generally,
if caused by physical problems,
the child will be back soon
cheerful if he's back
comfortably.
2. LOOKING FOR ATTENTION
Sometimes the fussy toddler
just to seek attention. This
often occurs because parents
generally give much attention
to him when she was just fussy.
While the time being to be nice
little less attention. As a result,
the toddler already "learned"
that his wish will be fulfilled by
whining, crying. There's even an
up to tantrums.
Parent Attitudes:
* Do not give special attention
to when the fussy toddler. If
you need help do not meet his
request so that he realizes that
the way that has been done is
not correct. This action can be
at once to teach her toddler
self-control.
* Encourage the toddlers to
communicate, to say that the
way the child did wrong. For
example, "If you say it, crying,
Mother does not know what
you want. Try to calm down, a
good way. "
* Make it a habit to pay close
attention to the child at all
times, especially when he was
being nice. Form of attention
was quite a sentence like,
"Mother proud, lo, as Tia is not
difficult to bathe."
3. WANT TO SHOW strength
Toddlers have a tendency to
reject. He really just wanted to
show that he also had the desire
or opinion. So no need to be
surprised if, in many respects
the toddlers often refused and
preferred his own choice. When
his wish is not fulfilled, it causes
it to be fussy. Moreover, many
parents who actually acted to
impose the will because he felt
he was the most eligible of his
son. The more it becomes the
toddler fussiness.
Parent Attitudes:
Do not force your wishes. Try
to berstrategi cast by artificial
selection, the choices that still
have the same ultimate goal.
Through this way, children are
expected to as well as learn to
make decisions so as to foster
self-confidence as well. For
example, if we refuse the
invitation shower, try to
catapult the offer, "sister
taking a shower with warm
water or cold water?" Through
this offer, the goal remains to
achieve a bath and child can
take the decision of the two
options do not seem so forced.
4. HURT feelings
Usually this happens when the
toddler runs out scolded. Tail
he will fuss and often without
consciously utter words that
are hurtful, like, 'I hate you.
"The phrase was actually just
to show his deepest feelings.
However, to hear a greeting
that many parents are hooked
and behind the scolding.
Parent Attitudes:
Do not fall for it. Embrace her
toddlers and say soothing
phrases like, "Mama darling
really, lo, the same brother. Her
crying was so tired later on.
"With a hug and soothing words
will make the toddler feel
uncomfortable. Feeling
comfortable and protected,
will not necessarily make the
toddlers become fussy
prolonged.
5. INABILITY to do something
Parents often unwittingly
demanding his son to be able to
do something with the size of
an adult. In terms of eating, for
example, parents sometimes
unwittingly asked the toddler
to eat quickly and neatly, even
though the toddler has not
been able to do so. Tail, to
cover up the inability of it, the
toddler even so fussy.
Parent Attitudes:
Do not force children to do
something that is not capable
of doing. To spur the spirit as
well as build self-confidence,
give the award even though the
ability to achieve extremely
small. Example, "Well, yes Adek
like to eat vegetables ...
vegetables stay slightly tuh."
In essence, the award is given
only when the child is able to do
something positive.
5 POSITIVE ATTITUDE
fussiness PREVENT PARENTS
1. Positive Thinking
Parents should not easily
discouraged when you see the
slow-tempered toddler for
example pertained to warm up,
which takes a long time to
adjust. Grow only positive
thoughts that I can shape it into
a good boy. With this belief, the
child-parent interactions
formed will undoubtedly good.
2. Not succumbing to the child's
fussiness
The way parents interact with
the toddlers can affect
attitudes. For example, the
toddler who has a tendency to
be a growing fussy fussy fussy
when understood can be used
as a weapon for himself.
Moreover, when parents always
meet or beat when she was
being fussy. However, if the
parent is not easy being soft
with fussy attitude that serve
as weapons, then maybe he
does not become fussy because
he has experienced that the
way it is not an effective way
to ask. So the true interaction
will affect the attitude of the
child.
3. No labeling
Labeling of the child actually
will cause it to be not confident.
It may even be gradually he
became a child like that labeled
for this. For instance, given the
labels of the fussy and whiny.
It may be that children choose
to be cranky all the time.
4. Focus on the attitudes of
children
To build positive attitudes of
children, catch-basahlah sweet
attitude and give awards. Do
not just give attention when
the child is behaving badly. For
example, "Gee, today you're
okay, deh." While showing one
thumb in her direction. It can
build self-confidence of
children.
5. Not compare compare
Every child has its advantages
and disadvantages. The task of
parents is to maximize each
child's strengths and minimize
weaknesses. It can foster a
sense of trust of the toddler
that she does have privileges.
Sri Rahayu Utami. Illustrator:
Pugoeh
Expert Consultant:
Dra. Rozamon Anwar, Psi., MSi.,
from SD Fajar Hidayah, Cibubur,
East Jakarta
source:
bibilung.wordpress.com/2007
/08/25/wah-rewel-amat-
sih /

RHEUMATIC SYMPTOMS

Rheumatism is a disease that
attacks the joints and
surrounding structures.
Rheumatism can attack the
head to toe. Common
rheumatic arthritis is also called
by the name of this disease is
generally characterized by a
number of symptoms, such as
swelling, redness, pain in the
knee, elbow, wrist or at the
other joints, disorders of the
muscles and tendons.
symptoms of arthritis is quite
broad.
Rheumatism consists of 150
species. But there are four
types of rheumatism of the
most frequently encountered
in our society are osteoarthritis
caused by calcification,
rheumatic arthritis that attacks
the outer outside cartilage
tissue, rheumatic inflammation,
and arthritis caused by thinning.
Tempat2 Rheumatic Disease
"About 50 percent of
complaints joint pain caused by
calcification. Significant
depletion of tissue calcification
of cartilage that serves as a
cushion joints, '
Worn bearings in the joints that
causes friction, causing bone
pain. Calcification is a process of
degeneration that began at the
age of 40 years. The speed of
the process of degeneration is
different in each person.
Joints someone could start
trouble at the age of 40. But
there are people who until the
age of the '70s joint fine. How
quickly this process is
determined by several risk
factors, "including: the quality
of cartilage and overweight.
Good cartilage will be more
resistant to wear condition. Like
a car tire if the quality is good,
then the joints are not easily
wear out even if worn for long.
Types of most common
rheumatic world's population is
rheumatoid arthritis (AR),
namely rheumatoid arthritis,
gout (uric acid) caused by
excessive uric acid levels in the
blood, and osteoarthritis (OR),
the calcification of the joints.
ccording dr.Riardi Pramudiyo,
SpPD-KR from RS.Hasan Sadikin,
Bandung, OR is a joint disease
most often found. This disease
is degenaratif, the incidence
rate increases with age. The
accompanying symptoms
include, pain in the joints after
the patient perform the
activity, or changes in weather
from hot to cold. As disclosed
Riadi, OR trigger is usually
because there is another
disease or condition. "It is not
known what causes primary,
but secondary causes of
obesity could be due to people,
so the burden that must be
supported by the knee is too
large, or because of excessive
wear of the knee, such as a
professional footballer," he
said.
Types of rheumatic disease
that affects many other people
of Indonesia are rheumatoid
arthritis (AR). This disease most
commonly affects the age
group 20-50 years. The
common symptoms found is
when you wake up stiff joints
and patients with difficult
moves.
Rheumatism in the productive
age are usually caused by
inflammation. This
inflammation can be due to uric
acid or other causes.
Rheumatism because uric acid is
often found in men aged in their
30s and 40s.
This species, according to Dr.
Harry Isbagio, occurs because
the excess of purine
metabolism that accumulate in
the joints. Embankment for
which cause pain in joints.
Doctor Harry frequently meet
public misconceptions about
gout. Patients often come to
consult with a uric acid test
results. "They asked why
uratnya normal acid exposure
but a doctor diagnose arthritis.
They misunderstand about
rheumatism. Not all arthritis
caused by uric acid, "he
explained.
Autoimmune disorders such as
lupus, including types of
rheumatic disease caused by
inflammation. In this disorder
are not immune to function as
an exterminator of bacteria,
viruses or foreign substances
that enter the body. Immunity
would damage healthy tissue,
including tissue in joints.
Likewise with RA (Rheumatoid
Arthritis). The disease include
inflammation of joints that the
cause is still unknown.
According to the Encyclopedia
of Public Health, there have
been indications that the
genetic patterns responsible
for the occurrence of this
disease.
RA can strike people at any age,
including toddlers.
Inflammation of this disease
occurs in synovial tissue found
in joints. This network serves to
produce joint lubricating fluid.
In RA patients, this tissue to
swell and show a lot of
inflamed cells.
Prevent, Precepts and
Rheumatism Treatment
According Riadi, the drugs now
on the market no one can heal
rheumatic diseases .
Medications just to relieve pain
and prevent further joint
damage. " Treatment of
arthritis is usually long term,
"he said. If the arthritis that
attacks the patient had reached
the stage joint deformity
(transformation of the joints)
then the cost incurred for
treatment, including expensive,
there are even drugs that cost
tens of millions of dollars once
a syringe.
Drugs commonly given to a
doctor in patients of rheumatic
diseases such as type analgesic
(pain reliever), which can
suppress the prostaglandins,
causing inflammation. These
drugs have side effects, gastric
disorders. Therefore, the
presence of specific rheumatic
drugs such as celecoxib, was
welcomed because it has little
side effects on the stomach and
kidneys. Another class of drugs
is corticosteroids, to resolve
inflammation (inflammation)
and suppress the immune
system so that the reaction of
reduced inflammation in
rheumatoid arthritis. The form
of this drug could be dioles
cream on the skin or injection.
Unfortunately, these drugs
have side effects such as
swelling, increased appetite,
weight gain, and emotional
instability.
In addition to pharmaceuticals,
to relieve pain can also be done
without drugs, for example
with an ice pack. "Apply ice to
lower the threshold of pain and
reduced function of enzymes,"
said Riadi. Then, many kinds of
vegetables that can be
consumed by patients with
rheumatoid arthritis, such as
celery juice, cabbage or carrots
that could reduce symptoms of
arthritis . Several types of herbs
can also help fight arthritis pain,
such as ginger and turmeric,
celery seed, leaf aloe vera,
rosemary, aroma therapy, or oil
juniper that could eliminate
swelling in the joints.
Maintain ideal body weight is
one sensible step to reduce pain
in the knee joint. Any excess
weight overload the knee joint
and hip, and increase pain due to
rheumatism. In addition, excess
body weight increases the risk
of uric acid.
Moderate exercise such as
walking beneficial for patients
with rheumatoid arthritis due to
uric acid. This is because walking
burns calories, strengthens
muscles and build strong bones
without disturbing the joints are
sore.
To do the exercise should
consult a doctor or therapist, in
order to learn the best
movements. Advised to avoid
exercise overload the knee.
"Badminton, volleyball, tennis,
jogging, martial arts should not
be done. Especially when
rheumatic gout was kind of
recurrence. Standing too long
will cause tremendous pain, "he
said.
In addition to treating, we can
also prevent the arrival of this
disease, such as not exercising
excessively, keep your weight
remains stable, and keep the
intake of food is always
balanced in accordance with the
needs of the body, especially a
lot of eating fish from the deep
sea. If you are not eating
enough fish, taking
supplements could be an
option, particularly those
containing omega 3. In the
omega 3 contained a substance
that is very effective to keep
the joints to remain supple.
Do not joke about symptoms of
rheumatic symptoms that arise.
Once the pain began to appear,
immediately consult a physician
to detect which ones just plain
stiff or which are symptoms of
arthritis .

11 FACT ABOUT HEADACHE

Aka dizziness headache for
many people have become
daily habits. Curious about
what's going on behind the
headache? 11 This fact may
slightly reduce your dizziness.
Well, do not be confused first.
Eleven facts about the
dizziness that was launched
health24, Tuesday
(20/03/2007) This might be a
little give enlightenment:
1. In ancient Greece headache
treated with peppermint-
scented tea. Besides tea, herb
mixture camomile, rosemary,
and lavender are also believed
to relieve mild headache. The
mixture of potatoes, cabbage,
and onions to compress the
head is also often used.
2. Headaches due to counter-
attack. This type of pain occurs
because someone drank too
much headache medicine. This
pain will not stop until these
people stop the drugs
commonly headache drink.
Consumption of headache
medicine that is too often can
damage the kidneys and liver.
3. The assumption says
migraines are hereditary was
not entirely wrong. Children
who experience migraine
generally have one of the
immediate family who
experienced the same thing. If
one parent has migraine, the
child has a 50% chance of
frequent migraines headaches
alias. But if both parents of
migraine patients will likely rise
to 75%.
4. Headaches are generally
harmless. It causes headache
discomfort of profound and
sometimes make a person
helpless, but generally
harmless headache. Such a mild
headache can be cured by
medicines that are available in
supermarkets dizziness or lie
down for a moment in a dark
room.
5. Dizziness due to fasting is
caused due to low blood sugar.
Another factor causing
dizziness, among others, stress,
pollution, noise, smoke, flashing
lights, and some foods cause
dizziness.
6. Migraine is associated with
hormonal fluctuations. Many
women who develop migraine a
few days before menstruation.
Some other women actually
suffer from migraine headaches
when coming months. Women
suffer more migraines than
men.
7. A healthy lifestyle is the
main solution. Not smoking, not
drinking alcohol, adequate
sleep, healthy diet, and
moderate exercise every day is
guaranteed to make someone a
headache-free. Different if
indeed you are suffering from
congenital disease that can
cause headaches.
8. Muscle tension headache is
the most common. Neck and
shoulder muscle tension is a
potential cause dizziness. If you
have this, the pain may last for
days.
9. Men more often suffer from
persistent headaches than
women. These headaches
usually occur at the same hour
on several days on a regular
basis. Such headaches can make
a person helpless. But generally
this headache lasted more than
90 minutes. Smokers and
people who drink alcohol are
frequently suffer from this kind
of headache.
10. Dizziness because ice cream
is not just a myth. Consuming a
cold dessert or half a frozen can
also cause headaches. Such a
headache is caused by the
tension of blood vessels due to
attack of cold ice cream.
Impaired blood flow can cause
swelling of blood vessels.
11. Some foods trigger
headaches, among others,
brown, yellow cheese, dairy
products, red meat, vegetable
extracts, and foods high in
monosodium glutamate and
alcohol. But one's reaction is not
always the same, it all depends
on the person's body
metabolism.
# KlinikSehatMadani

HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN EDUCATION

Being parents of hyperactive
children definitely is one of the
very difficult task. Here are
some tips that you can apply in
an effort to deal with
hyperactive children.
1. Teach discipline in
hyperactive children, so
that he can manage
himself well.
2. Do not punish him for the
behavior of hyperactive
children is not your fault.
3. Never label a child as a
child hyperactive
naughty, lazy or stupid,
because eventually it will
be like that labeled him.
4. The effectiveness of
different therapies for
each child. Parents should
determine the best
therapy for children.
5. Most importantly give
affection (not spoil) in
hyperactive children than
other relatives. The
reason, how much love
that is poured on
hyperactive children, will
never be full.
6. In teaching your child is
hyperactive, do not be
bored to continue to
repeat things that can be
learned quickly and
remembered by normal
children.
7. In front of your child is,
say to others if he is a
good boy, and do not
comment on the
mistakes he had done.
8. The constant /
constantly alert to any
actions that may
endanger himself or
others.
9. Expand communication
with your child. If in
normal children we tend
to communicate at
certain moments, in
hyperactive children we
have to communicate
"once every one minute."
10. One of the hardest things
to overcome is when a
hyperactive child was at
the dinner table and we
asked him eat his own.
Maybe he'll even play
food or running around
the table. Do not scold
him! All you do is you
have to feed them with
patience.
So Many diagnostic tips are
expected to help you. Facing
You may not be as easy as
hyperactivity theory that we
read, but with patience and
grounded sense of our love for
the child, we certainly can do it.
Source:
Digest magazine,,
November Issue date / year
2001, the article Tips for
Parents, page 63, PT. Digest
Mediatama, Jakarta, 2001.
The hyperactive Child
What the Family Can Do!,
Belinda Barnes and Irene
Colquhoun,, Media Day to
Day Management of The
hyperactive Child, pages
90-96, Thorsons Publishers
Limited, Northamptonshire.

TIPS FOR CHILDREN [INSOMNIA]

Our
toddler insomnia? many factors
that cause children or our
children insomnia. Yet the
human need for sleep should be
adequate for uninterrupted
productivity. If adults need to
sleep around 6-8 hours per day,
then the baby needs 16-20
hours sleep. While the toddler
takes about 12-13 hours of
sleep per day, and about 10
hours of sleep in children over
five years. If less than that,
should be wary that the infant
or child is having trouble
sleeping.
Some symptoms of sleep-
deprived children are:
1. Difficulty in waking in the
morning.
2. Emotional
3. Impulsive
4. Fussy
5. Easily Frustrated
6. Decrease in level of
intelligence
7. Lack of concentration
8. Memory becomes weak.
9. Impaired cognitive function,
so that he is more aggressive
and hyperactive, a dissident and
uncooperative.
The cause of child insomnia
include:
1. A noisy or hot.
2. Habit of watching television
before bed.
3. Fear of something.
4. Caused diseases such as
asthma, allergies, etc.. That
cause students difficulty
sleeping.
5. Performing heavy activities
such as playing games or joking.
Tips for good sleep patterns of
children:
1. Since the beginning specify
what time the child should
sleep.
2. Sleeping in the right way that
is in bed, not in arms or in the
swing.
3. Create an environment that
cool, comfortable and quiet.
4. Get used to turn off the
lights, and only use a small light
or light from another room.
5. Many experts recommend
that children sleep alone.

HEALTHY BREAKFAST FOR CHILDREN

BREAKFAST necessary not only
adults but also children who are
in a period of active growth and
are always moving. Quality and
breakfast pattern clearly very
important because with a
healthy breakfast, the children
will be fulfilled nutritional
needs while also having enough
energy to berakitivitas, both
physical and brain such as
thinking, learning, and
concentration.
As disclosed nutritionist who is
also Chairman of the
Department of Nutritional
Sciences Faculty of Medicine,
University of Indonesia (Faculty
of medicine), Dr Sri Sukmaniah,
MSc, SpGK (K), a healthy
breakfast for children should
follow a balanced diet that is
carbohydrate composition of
60-68 percent, 12-15 percent
protein , 20-25 percent fat and
10-15 grams of fiber. In
addition, the portion of the
breakfast is also a minimum of
20 to 25 percent of the total
allotment of calories for one
day.
"Therefore, a healthy breakfast
for children 6-12 years ideally
consist of whole grains or whole
grains, fruits or vegetables,
nuts or their derivatives, such as
tempeh years and milk or other
animal products," said Sri within
press conference in Jakarta on
Tuesday (10 / 6) last week.
For the portion of the
distribution of calories, Sri light,
breakfast included 20-25
percent of the total dietary
needs for a day. Lunch and
dinner respectively 30 percent,
while food variety can be done
two times with portions of each
10 percent.
Breakfast can be added so that
the child's morning snack will be
provided for energy until noon.
Carbohydrate source also did
not have rice, other cereals
such as wheat class or oats or
other dairy products also can be
a substitute for rice.
Or cereal grains are the ideal
choice of menu for breakfast
considering the completeness
of the nutritional content and
value of practicality. Cereals
made from natural ingredients
and contain more fiber in
addition to a variety of vitamins.
Thus, the cereal will not only
meet energy needs, but many
essential nutrients. Choose
cereal for breakfast then it
meets a quarter of the
adequacy of calories in addition
to the adequacy of many
vitamins, and fiber.
For children, Sri also suggested
that the portion of the
breakfast should not be too
much because a large portion
would interfere with the
digestive system. "Stomach
feels full cause pain so that
their activities could be
disrupted," he said.
TIP: Prepare Breakfast Children:
1. Prepare healthy and
nutritious breakfast menu
balanced.
2. Choose a breakfast menu
that are practical and varied
from different kinds of food.
3. Breakfast does not have rice.
Cereals, bread, potatoes and
noodles can be an alternative.
4. Processed products such as
milk or yogurt is highly
recommended.
5. Could be supplemented with
fresh fruit or a blender
6. Give adequate drinking water
7. Give also an opportunity for
children to plan and prepare
breakfast.

First aid kit for chidren fever

It is writing about the
compresses and fever.
Hopefully a little help
Sincerely,
Compress
Written by Dr. Hardiono
Pusponegoro, SpA (K)
These days children fever still
compress with ice cubes?
Instead of
down, the fever even more
ride. In fact, if the child is
compressed with
ice cubes he would cry and
shiver, often until the blue. In
skin
it was cold but in fact the body
temperature rises due
shivering increases body heat.
Even worse when compressed
alcohol. If inhaled can cause
poisoning. We own as
adults, when the fever would
not want a cold shower
because it felt
terrible.
Cold compresses sometimes
do need to be done in the
Emergency Unit at
certain patients, usually who
suffered brain damage so that
the body
unable to regulate its own
temperature.
So how do I compress the
right:
1. Open his shirt in a cool room
2. Wipe with a little warm
water
3. When the water evaporates,
the heat will go down without
chills
Better yet, when given the
lowering of fever such as
paracetamol or
ibuprofen, especially when a
high fever of more than 39oC
If the child fevers
Written by Dr. Hardiono
Pusponegoro, SpA (K)
Fever is one reason parents
bring their children to the
doctor.
Some parents think that a
fever is something bad and
can cause brain damage. Such
a view is not correct
because the fever is actually
one of our bodies attempt to
protect the body from
infection. In the event of an
infection, the body will
produce more heat. With the
heat then attempt to kill
microorganisms that cause
infections become more
optimal.
Fever is a rise in body
temperature more than 38oC
(measured in the armpit).
It is often not serious, but
sometimes too serious. So we
need
asked what the possible causes
of fever in my child? Is fever
is serious or not?
The cause serious fever such as
pneumonia or inflammation of
the lung. There
three main symptoms of
pneumonia are high fever and
the most important
is the presence of shortness of
breath.
Examples of other serious
infection is meningitis, an
infection of the membranes
brain. The disease is extremely
rare. The signs that we need to
be aware
towards the possibility of
meningitis:
1. Contact her eyes are not
good? Such a child does not
look to
us.
2. He looked in pain when
moving the head and did not
want
move.
3. Children had seizures.
4. In infants, the crown size of
membonjol.
5. When the fever down child
remains listless.
In as much as 5% of children,
febrile seizures can occur.
Actually seizures
fever is not dangerous, but
very scary for parents.
Convulsions
new fever became a problem
and referred to as complex
febrile seizures
if the seizure lasts more than
15 minutes, the seizure of the
side member
body only, recurrent seizures
for more than 2 times per day,
occurred in
infants less than one year, or a
year more than 4 times the
seizures.
Febrile seizures that occur in
children who already have a
nervous breakdown
previously also require
continuous therapy.
Children who like what he
experienced simple febrile
seizures and those
Parents do not need to worry?
If febrile seizures are
experienced
kelojotan or stiff throughout
the body, lasted less than 15
minutes
and after the seizure the child
unconscious. How do I know if
my child
conscious? Usually the baby
will cry while in older children
large when invoked his name
will look.
Although often not dangerous,
parents always worry about
fever. Children with fever
tend to be more fussy or lazy
play
and lazy eating. Sometimes it
may happen less fluid or
dehydration. Drug
lowering a fever helps lower
the fever so that children
become more
comfortable.
Drugs that can be used to
reduce fever
Paracetamol or
acetaminophen.
Febrifuge is the most widely
available in pa-sar
with various brands.
Paracetamol is the safest drug
for children with minimal side
effects. Paracetamol has two
effect of reducing fever and
relieve pain so the child
become more comfortable.
Paracetamol is safe when used
in the range
dose of 10-15 mg / kg / per
time of administration, may 4
times daily. Paracetamol
berbahanya new when used in
excessive doses, ie
at a dose of 200 mg / kg /
time. At the dose of
paracetamol can
cause liver damage.
Unfortunately, paracetamol is
often mixed in cold
medications. If the child
you are taking cold medicines
that contain paracetamol, do
not
give paracetamol again later
becomes terlau large dose.
Ibuprofen
Can be used in children older
than 6 months, side effects
are nausea, vomiting, stomach
pain and sometimes to bleeding
ulcers.
A single dose of 10 mg / kg /
time, given 3x/hari. Effect
reduce fever stronger than
paracetamol, but its side
effects
also greater. Meperbesar risk
of bleeding
Aspirin
It is rarely used as a febrifuge
due to
cause side effects stomach
pain, stomach bleeding and the
effects of
serious side of Reye's
syndrome
Through oral or anal?
Paracetamol can be given by
mouth or anus. When children
experience
high fever, vomiting and
difficult to take medication, it is
better provided through
anus. Drugs given via the anus
usually work faster because
directly absorbed into the
blood vessels. The use of
suppositories is very easy,
can be done alone at home.
Tips for overcoming fever in
children
1. Give paracetamol to help
reduce fever. The dose
is 10-15 mg for each kilogram
of body weight of children, eg
children
weighing 15 kg to 150-225 mg
paracetamol. No need to
correct
correct. Check the packaging,
how many milligrams
contained in any spoon
drug or each tablet.
Paracetamol working period is
shorter than
ibuprofen. Should be given 6
times a day.
2. Some older people are like
ibuprofen. Ibuprofen is given
a dose of 10 mg / kBB / times.
For example children weighing
10
memerkukan kg of ibuprofen
100 mg once a gift. May be
repeated 3 times
per day.
3. Give drugs via the rectum if
high fever, vomiting, difficulty
drinking
drug.
4. Do not compress the child
with cold water or alcohol for
children
going to shiver. Skin is te-
flavor ice-cold when
compressed, but
shivering will raise the
temperature in the body and
the children feel very
not bad. The best way is to fill
the bathtub with water as high
as 5
cm, with temperatures
29-33oC. The water should
feel slightly warm when
shed in the back of your hand.
Let the child sit in the tub,
then wipe the body, hands and
feet with warm water it. Water
will evaporate and the body
temperature will fall. Keep the
room temperature 24oC.
Warm compresses will reduce
fever within 30-45 minutes.
5. Do not use thick or layered
clothing. Use clothing
thin so that help relieve fever
through the process of
evaporation.
6. Can use a fan, but who's
directed wind
directly to the child's body.
7. Drinking enough water is the
most important thing, because
child with a fever can become
dehydrated.
8. Eating should be allowed to
continue.

SEHAT DENGAN JUS BUAH

ADA banyak cara untuk
mengambil manfaat dari buah.
Selain bisa dikonsumsi dalam
kondisi segar, buah juga bisa
diolah menjadi berbagai
hidangan. Nah, salah satu cara
untuk mendapatkan manfaat
sehat buah adalah diolah
menjadi jus.
Untuk mendapatkan jus, ada
dua alat yang biasa digunakan,
yaitu juicer atau blender. Pada
dasarnya, kedua alat itu
memiliki fungsi yang sama.
Bedanya, hanya pada hasil
penyerapan tatkala minuman
tersebut sudah berada di dalam
pencernaan. Buah yang
diblender akan terserap habis
oleh usus selama 20 menit.
Sedangkan jika tidak diblender,
akan menghabiskan waktu
sekitar 18 jam. Itu artinya,
nutrisi akan lebih lama
tersimpan di dalam tubuh.
Menurut Zainar, seorang
pengusaha jus di Jalan Barau-
barau, untuk untuk
mendapatkan hasil maksimal,
cuci bersih buah yang akan
dibuat jus agar terhindar dari
bahan-bahan kimia yang
menempel. Kemudian potong-
potong buah dan buang bagian
buah yang rusak. Beberapa buah
tidak perlu dikupas untuk
menghindari hilangnya nutrisi.
Pada saat mengupas buah,
perhatikan dengan saksama biji-
bijian yang terlalu keras dari
buah tersebut. Meski
memungkinkan ikut hancur saat
dijus, sedikit-banyak biji-biji
tersebut akan mengurangi
sensasi saat menikmati hidangan
jus. Apalagi kalau biji tersebut
tidak hancur sampai halus,
dikhawatirkan akan
menimbulkan masalah dalam
pencernaan.
Nah, berikut resep cara
membuat jus yang diberikan
Zainar. Selamat mencoba.
1. Jus Sirsak
Bahan
1. Dua sendok sirsak yang sudah
matang.
2. Gula secukupnya.
3. Susu krimmer.
4. Susu cokelat.
5. Es.
Cara Membuat
Masukkan dua sendok sirsak
yang sudah dipisahkan dengan
bijinya kedalam juicer atau
blender bersama air
secukupnya, gula, susu
krimmer. Setelah itu blender.
Jika sudah menyatu, susu
cokelat bisa ditiriskan ke dinding
gelas dan masukkan cairan jus.
Setelah itu, bagian atas juga
dilumuri susu cokelat.
2. Jus Mangga
Bahan
1. Ambil daging dari satu buah
mangga yang sudah matang.
2. Gula secukupnya.
3. Susu krimmer.
4. Es batu.
Cara membuat:
Potong-potong buah mangga,
masukkan gula secukupnya,
susu krimmer dan es batu yang
sudah dihancurkan. Lalu
blender.
3. Jus Tomat
Bahan
1. Dua tomat ukuran sedang.
2. Gula secukupnya.
3. Susu krimmer.
4. Es batu.
Cara membuat
Potong tomat dalam ukuran
kecil, masukkan dalam blender.
Masukkan gula, susu krimmer,
dan es batu secukupnya. Lalu
blender semua bahan itu hingga
menjadi satu.
4. Jus Jeruk
Bahan
1. 2-3 buah jeruk ukuran sedang.
2. Gula secukupnya.
3. Susu krimmer.
4. Es batu.
Cara membuat:
Pertama kali jeruk diambil air
dengan cara memerasnya.
Setelah itu masukkan ke dalam
blender, masukkan gula, susu
krimmer, dan es batu. Blender
semua bahan tersebut hingga
menyatu. Lalu masukkan dalam
gelas.
5. Jus Pinang
1. 3 biji buah pinang.
2. Satu bungkus Cappuccino.
3. Satu butir telur bebek atau
ayam kampung.
4. Gula secukupnya.
5. Es batu.
6. Susu krimmer.
Cara membuat:
Masukkan tiga biji buah pinang,
kuning telur, gula, lalu blender.
Setelah itu masukkan
Cappuccino, es batu, susu
krimmer, lalu blender kembali.
Setelah itu siap dihidangkan.
Bisa disajikan dalam keadaan
hangat dan dingin.
Tips Membuat Jus
JUS dapat dibuat dengan
blender ataupun juicer. Jus
sayur dan buah sangat
bermanfaat dalam memberi
asupan mikronutrien, terutama
vitamin A dan vitamin C sebagai
antioksidan; tinggi kalsium,
kalium, magnesium, dan
selenium, yang dapat
mencegah munculnya penyakit
dan kerusakan dini pada sel. Jus
juga berfungsi menjaga level
tekanan darah sebab tinggi
kalsium dan kalium serta rendah
natrium.
Agar jus yang kita buat optimal,
ini tipnya:
1. Pilih buah dan sayur segar dan
cuci sebelum membuat jus.
Lebih baik lagi bila direndam
dengan air hangat selama 5
menit. Hal ini penting
diperhatikan, untuk menghindari
terjadinya kontaminasi
makanan yang berasal dari
mikroorganisme patogen,
cemaran kimia (misalnya
pestisida) maupun cemaran fisik
(misalnya pasir, debu, dll).
2. Potong buah atau sayur
menjadi bagian kecil agar proses
pengolahannya lebih mudah.
3. Jika ingin menambahkan air,
pilih air yang sudah matang dan
dalam keadaan suhu biasa (tidak
panas).
4. Tambahkan es batu pada jus
agar jus terasa lebih segar dan
lezat.
5. Sebaiknya, buah yang
berkulit tipis dan lekat dengan
daging buah sebaiknya tidak
dikupas (kulitnya). Kulit buah
mengandung serat, terutama
serat yang tidak larut air
(insoluble dietary fibre atau
IDF). IDF berperan dalam
mempersingkat waktu transit
makanan di kolon, mencegah
kanker kolorektal, dan menjaga
kadar gula darah tetap stabil.
Anda yang menggunakan juicer,
Anda akan mendapatkan sari
buah dan ampas secara terpisah.
Saya sarankan, agar Anda tetap
mengkonsumsi ampas buah
yang kaya IDF.
6. Untuk menambah cita rasa,
tambahkan pemanis. Pilih gula
aren, gula kelapa, atau gula
batu daripada gula pasir dan
madu, sebab kandungan kalsium
pad ketiga gula tersebut lebih
tinggi. Akan tetapi, penderita
kencing manis disarankan untuk
hanya mengonsumsi gula
rendah kalori.
7. Segera minum perlahan-
lahan. Bila ingin menyimpan
dalam kulkas, sebaiknya
disimpan dalam wadah tertutup
(misalnya botol) dan tidak boleh
dari 5 jam. Hal ini dimaksudkan
agar jus masih tetap dalam
keadaan segar.
8. Campur dengan sedikit jeruk
(misalnya lemon, keprok, atau
nipis) agar warna jus tetap
cemerlang dan terasa lebih
segar.
9. Sebaiknya jus dibuat sendiri
agar lebih higienis, lebih
terjamin, lebih ekonomis, dan
dapat dikorntrol komposisi
bahannya. Lap untuk tangan,
jangan dipakai untuk mengelap
bagian dalam blender, ini
memungkinkan terjadinya
kontaminasi silang.

TIPS MENYIMPAN MAKANAN

belanja kebutuhan
makan keluarga merupakan
bagian tak terpisahkan dari
rutinitas sehari-hari yang selalu
dihadapi. Saya teringat ucapan
salah seorang teman saya yang
mengatakan bahwa suaminya
selalu menginginkan buah dan
sayuran segar di meja makan
setiap harinya. Bagi ibu rumah
tangga biasa sih mungkin hal
tersebut tidak masalah karena
bisa ke pasar setiap hari, tapi
bagi teman saya yang wanita
karir hal itu agak memakan
waktu, karenanya saya
menyarankan padanya untuk
menyiasati cara penyimpanan
buah dan sayur agar bisa
bertahan lama dan tetap segar.
Berikut adalah tips yang saya
berikan pada teman saya yang
saya tambahkan juga dengan
beberapa tips dari berbagai
sumber :
1. Pilih buah dan sayur yang
bermutu baik. Untuk
menghindari
pembusukkan, sebelum
disimpan dalam lemari
pendingin bersihkan
terlebih dahulu sayur dan
buah, lalu cuci hingga
benar – benar bersih.
2. Bila tidak segera dimasak
dalam 1 – 2 hari,
simpanlah bahan
makanan yang mudah
rusak di dalam bagian
pembekuan (freezer).
3. Wadah untuk pembekuan
dapat berupa kantung
atau kotak plastik, kertas
selofan, wadah logam.
Wadah harus kedap udara
agar tidak terjadi oksidasi
bahan selama
penyimpanan.
4. Simpan sesuai
temperature
Kita umumnya
menyimpan semua buah
dan sayuran di dalam
kulkas. Padahal buah dan
sayuran tertentu justru
rusak jika disimpan di
dalam temperature
dingin. Contohnya labu,
tomat dan jeruk.
5. Simpan produk kering di
kulkas
Produk kering seperti
terigu, maizena, padi-
padian (grain) cenderung
mengundang serangga
yang merusaknya
sehingga tak bisa dipakai
lagi. Untuk mencegah
kerusakan simpan di
dalam kulkas atau freezer
yang membuatnya aman
dari hama.
6. Simpan buah dan sayuran
secara terpisah
Kita sering menyimpan
buah bersama dengan
sayuran di dalam kotak
crisper di dalam kulkas.
Beberapa jenis buah,
termasuk apel,
mengeluarkan gas yang
disebut ethylene. Gas ini
membuat sayuran lebih
cepat matang. Jadi,
simpan buah dan sayuran
secara terpisah sehingga
sayuran tidak cepat
matang.
7. Sayuran seperti wortel,
labu siam, kol, brokoli dan
buncis bisa ditempatkan
dalam satu kantong
plastik sekaligus. Untuk
sayuran berdaun seperti
bayam dan kangkung,
siangi terlebih dahulu lalu
masukkan dalam kantong
atau wadah plastik.
8. Bumbu dapur segar
seperti jahe, lengkuas dan
kunyit dapat dibungkus
dengan alumunium foil
secara terpisah.
Semoga bermanfaat….

HANDPHONE BLUETOOTH SEBAGAI MODEM INTERNET

Koneksi internet saat ini sudah
menjadi kebutuhan pokok bagi
sebagian orang. Kemudahan dan
kelengkapan fasilitas-fasilitas di
internet membuat sebagian
orang menjadikan internet
sebagai tujuan utama untuk
mencari informasi yang
dibutuhkan.
Apalagi saat ini sudah sangat
mudah untuk mencari akses
internet. Kita bisa pergi ke
warnet dengan biaya yang
sangat murah, bahkan dengan
berbekal laptop kita bisa
mendatangi tempat-tempat
hotspot yang menyediakan
koneksi internet secara gratis.
Alternatif lain, bagi yang sering
berpergian, tentunya
membutuhkan koneksi internet
yang mobile, yang bisa diakses
di mana-mana dan kapan saja.
Salah satunya adalah dengan
memanfaatkan handphone
sebagai modem untuk
mengakses internet.
Dalam hal ini, saya
menggunakan sebuah laptop
dan handphone Nokia 6275i
untuk mempraktekkannya.
Namun demikian, panduan ini
juga bisa diterapkan pada
komputer biasa (PC). Saya
membutuhkan alat bernama
dongle bluetooth yang
berbentuk seperti flashdisk
untuk menghubungkan laptop
dengan HP.
Sebelum meng-setting
internet, pastikan bahwa driver
bluetooth sudah terinstall
dengan baik pada laptop. Jika
belum, install terlebih dahulu
driver bluetooth tersebut
hingga selesai. Biasanya CD
driver disertakan pada saat
membeli dongle bluetooth.
Adapun langkah-langkah men-
setting internet adalah sebagai
berikut :
1. Klik “Start”, kemudian
klik “Control Panel”
2. Pada Control Panel, klik
“ Internet Options”
3. Pada Internet Properties,
klik “Connections”
4. Pada Internet Properties,
klik “Setup”
5. Pada New Connection
Wizard, klik “Next”
6. Pada New Connection
Wizard, pilih
“ Connection to the
Internet” kemudian klik
“Next”
7. Pilih “Set up my
connection manually”,
kemudian klik “Next”
8. Pilih “Connect using a
dial-up modem”,
kemudian klik “Next”
9. Tampilan berikut ini
mungkin berbeda-beda.
Pilih device yang
diinginkan, sebagai contoh
jika menggunakan
bluetooth pilih pada
“Modem – Bluetooth
DUN Modem (COM13)”,
kemudian klik “Next”
10. Ketik nama ISP yang
diinginkan (bebas),
misalnya “Internet
Starone” jika
menggunakan Starone,
atau “Telkom Flexi”
jika menggunakan Flexi,
kemudian klik “Next”
11. Ketik nomor telepon ISP,
misalnya “#777”
untuk HP CDMA atau
“* 99***1#” untuk HP
GSM (tanpa tanda petik),
kemudian klik “Next”
12. Ketik “user name” dan
“password” ISP yang
digunakan
Contoh jika menggunakan
Starone :
User name : starone
Password : indosat
Confirm password :
indosat
Kemudian klik “Next”
13. Beri tanda cek pada
“ Add shortcut to this
connection to my
desktop ”, kemudian klik
“Next”
14. Klik “Dial” untuk
menghubungkan dengan
internet
15. Muncul icon bergambar 2
monitor di “system
tray” yang menandakan
bahwa koneksi internet
telah berhasil
16. Untuk memutus koneksi
internet, klik kanan pada
icon bergambar 2 monitor
itu kemudian klik
“ Disconect”
Daftar Setting Dial Up
Setting Untuk Volume Base :
1. Telkomsel (Simpati/
Halo/As)
Dial Up Number :
*99***1#
User Name : wap
Password : wap123
Access Point :
TELKOMSEL
Extra Setting : at
+cgdcont=1, ”IP”,”
internet”
2. Indosat (IM3)
Dial Up Number :
*99***1#
User Name : gprs
Password : im3
Access Point :
www.indosat-m3.net
Extra Setting : at
+cgdcont=1, ”IP”,”
www.indosat-m3.net”
3. Indosat (Mentari)
Dial Up Number :
*99***1#
User Name : indosat
Password : indosat
Access Point :
www.satelindogprs.com
Extra Setting : at
+cgdcont=1, ”IP”,”
www.satelindogprs.com
”
4. Indosat (Matrix)
Dial Up Number :
*99***1#
User Name :
Password :
Access Point :
www.satelindogprs.com
Extra Setting : at
+cgdcont=1, ”IP”,”
www.satelindogprs.com
”
5. XL (Bebas/Jempol/
Xplor)
Dial Up Number :
*99***1#
User Name : xlgprs
Password : proxl
Access Point :
www.xlgprs.net
Extra Setting : at
+cgdcont=1, ”IP”,”
www.xlgprs.net”
6. Indosat (Starone)
Dial Up Number : #777
User Name : starone
Password : indosat
Access Point :
Extra Setting :
7. Telkom Flexi (Classy/
Trendy)
Dial Up Number : #777
User Name : telkomnet@
flexi
Password : telkom
Access Point :
Extra Setting : at+crm=1
8. Mobile 8 (Fren)
Dial Up Number : #777
User Name : m8
Password : m8
Access Point :
Extra Setting :
Setting Untuk Time Base :
1. Indosat (IM3)
Dial Up Number :
*99***1#
User Name : indosat@
durasi
Password : indosat@
durasi
Access Point :
www.indosat-m3.net
Extra Setting : at
+cgdcont=1, ”IP”,”
www.indosat-m3.net”
2. Indosat (Starone)
Dial Up Number : #777
User Name : starone
Password : indosat
Access Point :
Extra Setting :Melakukan
registrasi dengan
mengetik “REG TIME”,
kirim ke 799
3. Telkom Flexi (Classy/
Trendy)
Dial Up Number : #777
User Name : telkomnet@
flexi-time
Password : telkom
Access Point :
Extra Setting : at+crm=1
4. Esia
Dial Up Number : #777
User Name : esia
Password : esia
Access Point :
Extra Setting :

TIPS MEMELIHARA KUCING

Kucing adalah salah satu
hewan peliharaan yang
banyak peminatnya hingga
banyak pecinta hewan ini
membuat klub-klub khusus
pecinta kucing. Tujuan dari
klub pecinta kucing biasanya
untuk mengumpulkan para
pecinta kucing di seluruh
dunia dalam satu forum
dimana mereka kemudian
bisa saling berbagi
pengetahuan tentang hewan
kesayangan mereka ini, tak
jarang pula mereka
mengadakan pertemuan-
pertemuan sesama
anggotanya dengan
mengadakan acara-acara unik
misalnya cat fashion show.
Namun sebenarnya
darimanakah asal mula nama
hewan kucing ini? Berikut
sedikit pengetahuan umum
tentang kucing.
Kucing, bahasa ilmiahnya
adalah Felis silvestris-catus,
adalah sejenis karnivora.
Kucing telah berbaur dengan
kehidupan manusia paling
tidak sejak 3.500 tahun yang
lalu, ketika orang Mesir kuno
menggunakan kucing untuk
menjauhkan tikus atau
hewan pengerat lain dari hasil
panen. Saat ini, kucing adalah
salah satu hewan peliharaan
terpopuler di dunia. Kucing
yang garis keturunannya
tercatat secara resmi sebagai
kucing ras atau galur murni
(pure breed), seperti persia,
siam, manx, sphinx.
Kucing seperti ini biasanya
dibiakkan di tempat
pemeliharaan hewan resmi.
Jumlah kucing ras hanyalah
1% dari seluruh kucing di
dunia. Sisanya adalah kucing
dengan keturunan campuran
seperti kucing liar atau kucing
kampung.
Kucing dianggap sebagai
“ karnivora yang
sempurna” dengan gigi dan
saluran pencernaan yang
khusus. Gigi premolar dan
molar pertama membentuk
sepasang taring di setiap sisi
mulut yang bekerja efektif
seperti gunting untuk
merobek daging. Meskipun ciri
ini juga terdapat pada famili
canidae atau anjing, tapi ciri
ini berkembang lebih baik
pada kucing.
Kucing peliharaan atau kucing
rumah adalah salah satu
predator terhebat di dunia.
Kucing ini dapat membunuh
atau memakan beberapa ribu
spesies. Tetapi karena
ukurannya yang kecil, kucing
tidak berbahaya bagi
manusia, satu-satunya
bahaya yang dapat timbul
adalah kemungkinan
terjadinya infeksi rabies
akibat gigitan kucing.
Kucing termasuk hewan yang
bersih. Mereka sering
merawat diri dengan menjilati
rambut mereka. Saliva atau
air liur mereka adalah agen
pembersih yang kuat, tapi
dapat memicu alergi pada
manusia. Kadang kala kucing
memuntahkan hairball atau
gulungan rambut yang
terkumpul di dalam perut
mereka.
Kucing menyimpan energi
dengan cara tidur lebih sering
ketimbang hewan lain. Lama
tidur kucing bervariasi antara
12-16 jam per hari, dengan
angka rata-rata 13-14 jam.
Tetapi tidak jarang dijumpai
kucing yang tidur selama 20
jam dalam satu hari.
Banyak orang yang menyukai
dan memelihara kucing
sebagai hewan kesayangan.
Agar penampilan kucing
kesayangan kita tetap prima
dan sehat diperlukan
perawatan yang baik. Namun,
tidak sedikit pecinta kucing
yang tidak paham cara
memilih dan merawatnya.
Bagi kamu yang pecinta
kucing, ada beberapa tips buat
kamu.
1. Kucing adalah karnivora
yang artinya ia
membutuhkan sumber
kandungan hewani seperti
daging, ikan atau yam dalam
makanan mereka. Tak ada
sayuran yang terbaik untuk
kucing, tanpa sumber hewani
pada makanan mereka,
mereka akan kekurangan
nutrisi dan dapat
membahayakan kehidupan
mereka.
2. Kalau kamu ingin
memberikan makanan kucing
berupa makanan kaleng,
boleh saja. Tapi, kamu harus
memilih dan menyesuaikan
dengan umur si kucing. Kalau
kucing kamu masih kecil,
berilah makanan untuk
kucing yang kecil (kitten) dan
sebaliknya. Untuk kucing
yang mempunyai keberatan
badan, berilah makanan
rendah kalori.
3. Ada beberapa jenis
makanan kucing yang
tersedia: kering, setengah
basah, dan kaleng. Air baru
harus selalu tersedia. Jangan
terlalu banyak memberi
kucing susu, karena akan
menyebabkan diare pada
kucing.
4. Kucing sebaiknya
dievaluasi secara rutin oleh
dokter hewan yang sudah
biasa dengan spesies ini.
Kucing juga punya berbagai
penyakit yang sama dengan
manusia seperti: kanker,
ginjal, paru-paru. Kucing juga
sering terkena parasit, oleh
karena itu kita harus
merawat kucing, jangan
biarkan kucing terlalu lama di
luar rumah. Biasakan kucing
menggosok gigi memakai
pasta gigi kucing, agar giginya
selalu sehat.
5. Umumnya, disarankan
untuk mensterilkan kucing.
Biasanya ini disebut spay/
steril untuk betina dan
castrated/kebiri untuk
jantan. Pemilik kucing yang
tertarik akan hal ini harus
konsultasi ke dokter hewan
pada saat pertama kali
pemeriksaan dan vaksinasi.
Ada beberapa penyakit
kucing yang mendapat
vaksinasi.
6. Penting bagi pemilik kucing
untuk mengerti bahwa kucing
sangat sensitif terhadap
beberapa obat dan produk
dalam rumah. Kucing tidak
bisa memetabolisme aspirin.
Acetaminophen(yang ada di
Tylenol) akan membunuh
kucing dan pencernaannya
dalam keadaan darurat. Yang
terbaik adalah tidak memakai
produk yang diragukan di
sekitar kucing sampai anda
telah mengeceknya dengan
authority. Juga kucing sering
makan tanaman, sebagian
dapat beracun bagi kucing.
Jadi lebih baik memberi
mereka sprouteed feed oats
untuk cemilan pada waktu
mereka lagi mau merumput.
7. Kucing sering tertarik
dengan barang-barang yang
menyerupai tali, mereka akan
memakan jarum dan benang,
karet gelang dan material
serupa. Beberapa juga tertarik
pada kabel listrik, oleh
karena itu sangat penting
menjauhkan ini dari
lingkungan kucing, atau
usahakan untuk
menguranginya.
8. Pemilik kucing juga harus
memberi batas-batas untuk
kucing mereka. Jika mereka
tidak diperbolehkan di
ruangan tertentu atau
menajamkan kuku mereka di
mebel atau kursi, ini harus
dipupuk dilatih sejak pertama
kali kucing itu dipelihara.
Lebih mudah untuk mencegah
masalah daripada merubah
prilaku yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan.

FET TRANSISTOR

Tipe
komponen semikonduktor
Kategori
transistor
Penemu
Julius Edgar Lilienfeld (1925),
Oskar Heil (1934)
Komponen sejenis
BJT
Kemasan
3 pin, gerbang, sumber, cerat
Kotak ini: lihat • bicara
Transistor efek–medan (FET)
adalah salah satu jenis
transistor menggunakan medan
listrik untuk mengendalikan
konduktifitas suatu kanal dari
jenis pembawa muatan tunggal
dalam bahan semikonduktor.
FET kadang-kadang disebut
sebagai transistor ekakutub
untuk membedakan operasi
pembawa muatan tunggal yang
dilakukannya dengan operasi
dua pembawa muatan pada
transistor dwikutub (BJT).
Sejarah
Transistor efek–medan
diciptakan oleh Julius Edgar
Lilienfeld pada tahun 1925 dan
oleh Oskar Heil pada tahun
1934, tetapi peranti praktis
tidak dibuat secara masal hingga
tahun 1990-an.
Saluran
Semua FET mempunyai sebuah
saluran gerbang (gate), cerat
(drain) dan sumber (source)
yang kira-kira sama dengan
basis, kolektor dan emitor pada
BJT. Selain JFET, semua FET
juga mempunyai saluran
keempat yang dinamakan
badan, dasar atau substrat.
Saluran keempat ini melayani
kegunaan teknis dalam
pemanjaran transistor kedalam
titik operasi. Terminal ini sangat
jarang digunakan pada desain
sirkuit, tetapi keberadaannya
penting saat merancang
penataan sirkuit terpadu.
Irisan MOSFET tipe-n
Nama-nama saluran pada FET
mengacu pada fungsinya.
Saluran gerbang dapat dianggap
sebagai pengontrol buka-tutup
dari gerbang sesungguhnya.
Gerbang ini mengizinkan
elektron untuk mengalir atau
mencegahnya dengan
membuat dan mengikangkan
sebuah kanal diantara sumber
dan cerat. Elektron mengalir
dari sumber menuju ke saluran
cerat jika ada tegangan yang
diberikan. Badan merupakan
seluruh semikonduktor dasar
dimana gerbang, sumber dan
cerat diletakkan. Biasanya
saluran badan disambungkan ke
tegangan tertinggi atau
terendah pada sirkuit,
tergantung pada tipenya.
Saluran badan dan saluran
sumber biasanya disambungkan
karena sumber biasanya
disambungkan ke tegangan
tertinggi atau terendah dari
sirkuit, tetapi ada beberapa
penggunaan dari FET yang tidak
seperti demikian, seperti sirkuit
gerbang transmisi dan kaskoda.
Komposisi
FET dapat dibuat dari beberapa
semikonduktor, silikon menjadi
yang paling umum. FET pada
umumnya dibuat dengan proses
pembuatan semikonduktor
borongan, menggunakan lapik
semikonduktor kristal tunggal
sebagai daerah aktif, atau kanal.
Diantara bahan badan yang tidak
lazim adalah amorphous silicon,
polycrystalline silicon dan OFET
yang dibuat dari semikonduktor
organik dan sering
menggunakan isolator gerbang
dan elektroda organik.
Cara kerja FET
FET mengendalikan aliran
elektron (atau lubang elektron
pada FET kanal-p) dari sumber
ke cerat dengan mengubah
besar dan bentuk dari sebuah
kanal konduktif yang dibentuk
oleh adanya tegangan (atau
kurangnya tegangan pada FET
kanal-p) yang dikenakan
menyeberangi saluran gerbang
dan sumber (untuk
mempermudah penjabaran,
diasumsikan bahwa badan dan
sumber disambungkan). Kanal
konduktif ini adalah jalur dimana
elektron (atau lubang) mengalir
dari sumber ke cerat. Dengan
menganggap sebuah peranti
kanal-n moda pemiskinan.
Sebuah tegangan negatif
gerbang-ke-sumber
menyebabkan daerah
pemiskinan untuk bertambah
lebar dan menghalangi kanal
dari kedua sisi, mempersempit
kanal konduktif. Jika daerah
pemiskinan menutup kanal
sepenuhnya, resistansi kanal
dari sumber ke cerat menjadi
besar, dan FET dimatikan seperti
sakelar yang terbuka.
Sebaliknya, sebuah tegangan
positif gerbang-ke-sumber
menambah lebar kanal dan
memungkinkan elektron
mengalir dengan mudah.
Sekarang menganggap sebuah
peranti kanal-n moda
pengayaan . Sebuah tegangan
positif gerbang-ke-sumber
dibutuhkan untuk membuat
kanal konduktif karena ini tidak
terdapat secara alami didalam
transistor. Tegangan positif
menarik elektron bebas pada
badan menuju ke gerbang,
membuat sebuah kanal
konduktif. Tetapi elektron yang
cukup harus ditarik dekat ke
gerbang untuk melawan ion
doping yang ditambahkan ke
badan FET, ini membentuk
sebuah daerah yang bebas dari
pembawa bergerak yang
dinamakan daerah pemiskinan,
dan fenomena ini disebut
sebagai tegangan tahan dari
FET. Peningkatan tegangan
gerbang-ke-sumber yang lebih
lanjut akan menarik lebih
banyak lagi elektron menuju ke
garbang yang
memungkinkannya untuk
membuat sebuah kanal
konduktif dari sumber ke cerat,
proses ini disebut pembalikan.
Baik pada peranti moda
pengayaan ataupun pemiskinan,
jika tegangan cerat-ke-sumber
jauh lebih rendah dari tegangan
gerbang-ke-sumber, merubah
tegangan gerbang akan
mengubah resistansi kanal, dan
arus cerat akan sebanding
dengan tegangan cerat
terhadap sumber. Pada moda ini,
FET berlaku seperti sebuah
resistor variabel dan FET
dikatakan beroperasi pada moda
linier atau moda ohmik[1][2] Jika
tegangan cerat-ke-sumber
meningkat, ini membuat
perubahan bentuk kanal yang
signifikan dan taksimetrik
dikarenakan gradien tegangan
dari sumber ke cerat. Bentuk
dari daerah pembalikan menjadi
kurus dekat ujung cerat dari
kanal. Jika tegangan cerat-ke-
sumber ditingkatkan lebih
lanjut, titik kurus dari kanal
mulai bergerak dari cerat
menuju ke sumber. Pada
keadaan ini, FET dikatakan
dalam moda penjenuhan,[3]
beberapa orang menyebutnya
sebagai moda aktif, untuk
menganalogikan dengan daerah
operasi transistor dwikutub.[4]
[5] Moda penjenuhan, atau
daerah antara linier dan
penjenuhan digunakan jika
diinginkan adanya penguatan.
Daerah antara tersebut
seringkali dianggap sebagai
bagian dari daerah linier, bahkan
walaupun arus cerat tidak linier
dengan tegangan cerat. Bahkan
jika kanal konduktif yang
dibentuk oleh tegangan
gerbang-ke-sumber tidak lagi
menghubungkan sumber ke
cerat saat moda penjenuhan,
Pembawa muatan tidak
dihalangi untuk mengalir.
Dengan menganggap peranti
kanal-n, sebuah daerah
pemiskinan terdapat pada badan
tipe-p, mengelilingi kanal
konduktif, daerah cerat dan
daerah sumber. Elektron yang
mencakupi kanal bebas untuk
bergerak keluar dari kanal
melalui daerah pemiskinan jika
ditarik ke cerat oleh tegangan
cerat-ke-sumber. Daerah
pemiskinan ini bebas dari
pembawa dan memiliki
resistansi seperti silikon.
Penambahan apapun pada
tegangan cerat-ke-sumber akan
menambah jarak dari cerat ke
titik kurus, menambah resistansi
dikarenakan daerah pemiskinan
sebanding dengan tegangan
tegangan cerat-ke-sumber.
Perubahan yang sebanding ini
menyebabkan arus cerat-ke-
sumber untuk tetap relatif
tetap tak terpengaruh oleh
perubahan tegangan cerat-ke-
sumber dan benar-benar
berbeda dari operasi moda linier.
Dengan demikian, pada moda
penjenuhan, FET lebih berlaku
seperti sebuah sumber arus
konstan daripada sebagai
sebuah resistor variabel dan
dapat digunakan secara efektif
sebagai penguat tegangan. Pada
situasi ini, tegangan gerbang-ke-
sumber menentukan besarnya
arus konstan yang melewati
kanal.
Jenis-jenis transistor efek
medan
Kanal pada FET telah didoping
untuk membuat baik
semikonduktor tipe-n maupun
semikonduktor tipe-p. Pada FET
moda pengayaan, cerat dan
sumber dibuat berbeda tipe
dengan kanal, sedangkan pada
FET moda pemiskinan dibuat
setipe dengan kanal. FET juga
dibeda-bedakan berdasarkan
metoda pengisolasian diantara
gerbang dan kanal. Jenis-jenis
dari FET adalah:
MOSFET (Metal–Oxide–
Semiconductor FET, FET
Semikonduktor–Oksida–
Logam) menggunakan
isolator (biasanya SiO2)
diantara gerbang dan badan.
JFET (Junction FET, FET
Pertemuan) menggunakan
pertemuan p-n yang dipanjar
terbalik untuk memisahkan
gerbang dari badan.
MESFET (Metal–
Semiconductor FET, FET
Semikonduktor –Logam)
menggantikan pertemuan p-
n pada JFET dengan
penghalang Schottky,
digunakan pada GaAs dan
bahan semikonduktor
lainnya.
HEMT (High Electron Mobility
Transistor, Transistor
Pergerakan Elektron Tinggi),
juga disebut HFET
(heterostructure FET, FET
Struktur Campur). Material
celah-jalur-lebar yang
dikurangi penuh membentuk
isolasi antara gerbang dan
badan.
IGBT (Insulated-Gate Bipolar
Transistor, Transistor
Dwikutub Gerbang-Terisolasi)
adalah peranti untuk
pengendali daya tinggi. Ini
mempunyai struktur mirip
sebuah MOSFET yang
digandengkan dengan kanal
konduksi utama yang mirip
transistor dwikutub. Ini
sering digunakan pada
tegangan operasi cerat-ke-
sumber antara 200-3000 V.
MOSFET daya masih
merupakan peranti pilihan
utama untuk tegangan cerat-
ke-sumber antara 1-200 V.
FREDFET (Fast Reverse/
Recovery Epitaxial Diode FET,
FET Dioda Epitaksial Cepat
Balik/Pulih) adalah sebuah
FET yang didesain khusus
untuk memberikan
kecepatan pemulihan
(pematian) yang sangat
cepat dari dioda badan.
ISFET (Ion-Sensitive FET,
FET Sensitif-Ion) digunakan
untuk mengukur konsentrasi
ion pada larutan, ketika
konsentrasi ion (seperti pH)
berubah, arus yang mengalir
melalui transistor juga
berubah.
DNAFET adalah FET khusus
yang berfungsi sebagai
sebuah biosensor, dengan
menggunakan gerbang yang
dibuat dari molekul salah
satu helai DNA untuk
mendeteksi helaian DNA
yang cocok.
Penggunaan
FET yang paling sering
digunakan adalah MOSFET.
Teknologi proses CMOS
(complementary-symmetry
metal oxide semiconductor)
adalah dasar dari sirkuit terpadu
digital modern. Lapisan isolasi
tipis antara gerbang dan kanal
membuat FET rawan terhadap
kerusakan akibat pengosongan
elektrostatik selama
penanganan. Biasanya ini
bukanlah sebuah masalah
setelah peranti terpasang. Pada
FET, elektron dapat mengalir
pada kedua arah melalui kanal
ketika dioperasikan pada moda
linier, dan konvensi penamaan
antara saluran sumber dan
saluran cerat agak merupakan
keputusan sendiri, karena
peranti FET biasanya (tetapi
tidak selalu) dibuat simetris dari
sumber ke cerat. Ini membuat
FET cocok untuk mensakelarkan
isyarat analog diantara kedua
arah (pemultipleks).